Historical Index Constituents & Component Changes

Many investors assume that index funds and ETFs passively own “the market”, but the reality is much more complex. The underlying indices that these funds track are not static — they evolve continuously as companies are added and removed. Every year, numerous firms exit major indices, making way for new […]

Total Market Value of the U.S. Stock Market

As of October 1, 2025 (end-of-day), the total market capitalization of the U.S. stock market stands at $67.8 trillion ($67,765,993.7 million). Between January and beginning of April this year, $10 trillion in value was wiped out from the U.S. stock market after Trump’s first tariff announcements but the market has […]

Emerging Markets Equity Valuations

The table below presents the current and historical equity market valuations for selected emerging markets. As of July 1, 2025, the trailing Price-to-Earnings (P/E) ratio of the MSCI Emerging Markets Index stands at 15.30, while the forward P/E ratio is 12.70. Among the major emerging economies, India’s stock market is […]

Global Dividend Yields by Country

The table below presents historical dividend yields for the world’s largest economies. When assessing whether a country’s stock market may be undervalued, its current dividend yield should not be directly compared to those of other nations. Instead, dividend yield serves as a more effective valuation indicator when measured against the […]

Hong Kong/Hang Seng Index P/E & Earnings Growth

As of July 1st, 2025, the Hang Seng Index (HSI) has a trailing price-to-earnings (P/E) ratio of 11.49 and a forward P/E ratio of 13.42. Widely recognized as the benchmark index for Hong Kong’s equity market, the HSI includes some of China’s leading tech giants, such as Alibaba Group, Tencent, […]

Global P/E Ratios (Price-Earnings) by Country

The table below presents the price-to-earnings (P/E) ratios of the world’s largest stock markets, based on their respective benchmark equity indices. It includes both trailing and forward P/E ratios for each country. Currently, India and the United States stand out as the most expensive equity markets worldwide. In contrast, within […]

Global Stock Market P/E Ratio & Earnings Growth

As of July 1, 2025, the global equity market has a trailing Price-Earnings (P/E) ratio of 22.02 and a forward P/E ratio of 18.75. These multiples are based on an index comprising 3,000 publicly traded companies from 47 countries. Both ratios exceed long-term historical averages, indicating a potential overvaluation of […]

EV/EBITDA (Enterprise Multiple) by Sector/Industry (U.S. Large Cap)

The table below presents the current and historical Enterprise Multiples (EV/EBITDA) by Sector, calculated using the 500 largest publicly traded U.S. companies. Comparing a sector’s current enterprise multiple to its historical average can help assess whether the sector might be currently undervalued or overvalued. Note: The Financials sector is excluded, […]